1 Approaches to Studying Reasoning. - Conceptions of Thinking. - Tests of Thinking. - 2 Thinking as Levels of Cognitive Complexity. - The Describer-Explainer Continuum. - Perry's Positions of Intellectual Development. - Information Processing Structures. - 3 Interpretive Exercises and the Scoring Rationale for Evaluating Levels of Thinking. - Interpretive Exercises. - The Scoring Rationale for Evaluating Levels of Thinking. - 4 Empirical Studies. - Experimental Groups. - School Achievement Variables. - Relationship to Writing Proficiency. - Orientation to Learning Variables. - Correlation with Orientation to Learning Variables. - Other Measures of Cognitive Ability and Thinking Processes. - Correlations with Other Thinking Exercises. - The Two Helmets Test. - The Jefferson Davis Exercise. - The Holocaust. - The Mystery of Pearl Harbor. - Levels of Thinking and Discourse Structure. - Generalizing the Cognitive Complexity Approach. - Appendix A. - Scoring Rationale for Levels of Thinking. - Levels of Cognitive Complexity. - Appendix B. - Practice Examples. - Test Examples. - Appendix C Answer Sheet for the Bomb Factories. - References. - Related References. Language: English